From Pages to App
This guide will help you:
- Update your Next.js application from version 12 to version 13
- Upgrade features that work in both the
pages
and theapp
directories - Incrementally migrate your existing application from
pages
toapp
Upgrading
Node.js Version
The minimum Node.js version is now v18.17. See the Node.js documentation for more information.
Next.js Version
To update to Next.js version 13, run the following command using your preferred package manager:
npm install next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest
ESLint Version
If you're using ESLint, you need to upgrade your ESLint version:
npm install -D eslint-config-next@latest
Good to know: You may need to restart the ESLint server in VS Code for the ESLint changes to take effect. Open the Command Palette (
cmd+shift+p
on Mac;ctrl+shift+p
on Windows) and search forESLint: Restart ESLint Server
.
Next Steps
After you've updated, see the following sections for next steps:
- Upgrade new features: A guide to help you upgrade to new features such as the improved Image and Link Components.
- Migrate from the
pages
toapp
directory: A step-by-step guide to help you incrementally migrate from thepages
to theapp
directory.
Upgrading New Features
Next.js 13 introduced the new App Router with new features and conventions. The new Router is available in the app
directory and co-exists with the pages
directory.
Upgrading to Next.js 13 does not require using the new App Router. You can continue using pages
with new features that work in both directories, such as the updated Image component, Link component, Script component, and Font optimization.
<Image/>
Component
Next.js 12 introduced new improvements to the Image Component with a temporary import: next/future/image
. These improvements included less client-side JavaScript, easier ways to extend and style images, better accessibility, and native browser lazy loading.
In version 13, this new behavior is now the default for next/image
.
There are two codemods to help you migrate to the new Image Component:
next-image-to-legacy-image
codemod: Safely and automatically renamesnext/image
imports tonext/legacy/image
. Existing components will maintain the same behavior.next-image-experimental
codemod: Dangerously adds inline styles and removes unused props. This will change the behavior of existing components to match the new defaults. To use this codemod, you need to run thenext-image-to-legacy-image
codemod first.
<Link>
Component
The <Link>
Component no longer requires manually adding an <a>
tag as a child. This behavior was added as an experimental option in version 12.2 and is now the default. In Next.js 13, <Link>
always renders <a>
and allows you to forward props to the underlying tag.
For example:
import Link from 'next/link'
// Next.js 12: `<a>` has to be nested otherwise it's excluded
<Link href="/about">
<a>About</a>
</Link>
// Next.js 13: `<Link>` always renders `<a>` under the hood
<Link href="/about">
About
</Link>
To upgrade your links to Next.js 13, you can use the new-link
codemod.
<Script>
Component
The behavior of next/script
has been updated to support both pages
and app
, but some changes need to be made to ensure a smooth migration:
- Move any
beforeInteractive
scripts you previously included in_document.js
to the root layout file (app/layout.tsx
). - The experimental
worker
strategy does not yet work inapp
and scripts denoted with this strategy will either have to be removed or modified to use a different strategy (e.g.lazyOnload
). onLoad
,onReady
, andonError
handlers will not work in Server Components so make sure to move them to a Client Component or remove them altogether.
Font Optimization
Previously, Next.js helped you optimize fonts by inlining font CSS. Version 13 introduces the new next/font
module which gives you the ability to customize your font loading experience while still ensuring great performance and privacy. next/font
is supported in both the pages
and app
directories.
While inlining CSS still works in pages
, it does not work in app
. You should use next/font
instead.
See the Font Optimization page to learn how to use next/font
.
Migrating from pages
to app
🎥 Watch: Learn how to incrementally adopt the App Router → YouTube (16 minutes).
Moving to the App Router may be the first time using React features that Next.js builds on top of such as Server Components, Suspense, and more. When combined with new Next.js features such as special files and layouts, migration means new concepts, mental models, and behavioral changes to learn.
We recommend reducing the combined complexity of these updates by breaking down your migration into smaller steps. The app
directory is intentionally designed to work simultaneously with the pages
directory to allow for incremental page-by-page migration.
- The
app
directory supports nested routes and layouts. Learn more. - Use nested folders to define routes and a special
page.js
file to make a route segment publicly accessible. Learn more. - Special file conventions are used to create UI for each route segment. The most common special files are
page.js
andlayout.js
.- Use
page.js
to define UI unique to a route. - Use
layout.js
to define UI that is shared across multiple routes. .js
,.jsx
, or.tsx
file extensions can be used for special files.
- Use
- You can colocate other files inside the
app
directory such as components, styles, tests, and more. Learn more. - Data fetching functions like
getServerSideProps
andgetStaticProps
have been replaced with a new API insideapp
.getStaticPaths
has been replaced withgenerateStaticParams
. pages/_app.js
andpages/_document.js
have been replaced with a singleapp/layout.js
root layout. Learn more.pages/_error.js
has been replaced with more granularerror.js
special files. Learn more.pages/404.js
has been replaced with thenot-found.js
file.pages/api/*
API Routes have been replaced with theroute.js
(Route Handler) special file.
Step 1: Creating the app
directory
Update to the latest Next.js version (requires 13.4 or greater):
npm install next@latest
Then, create a new app
directory at the root of your project (or src/
directory).
Step 2: Creating a Root Layout
Create a new app/layout.tsx
file inside the app
directory. This is a root layout that will apply to all routes inside app
.
export default function RootLayout({
// Layouts must accept a children prop.
// This will be populated with nested layouts or pages
children,
}: {
children: React.ReactNode
}) {
return (
<html lang="en">
<body>{children}</body>
</html>
)
}
- The
app
directory must include a root layout. - The root layout must define
<html>
, and<body>
tags since Next.js does not automatically create them - The root layout replaces the
pages/_app.tsx
andpages/_document.tsx
files. .js
,.jsx
, or.tsx
extensions can be used for layout files.
To manage <head>
HTML elements, you can use the built-in SEO support:
import type { Metadata } from 'next'
export const metadata: Metadata = {
title: 'Home',
description: 'Welcome to Next.js',
}
Migrating _document.js
and _app.js
If you have an existing _app
or _document
file, you can copy the contents (e.g. global styles) to the root layout (app/layout.tsx
). Styles in app/layout.tsx
will not apply to pages/*
. You should keep _app
/_document
while migrating to prevent your pages/*
routes from breaking. Once fully migrated, you can then safely delete them.
If you are using any React Context providers, they will need to be moved to a Client Component.
Migrating the getLayout()
pattern to Layouts (Optional)
Next.js recommended adding a property to Page components to achieve per-page layouts in the pages
directory. This pattern can be replaced with native support for nested layouts in the app
directory.
See before and after example
Before
export default function DashboardLayout({ children }) {
return (
<div>
<h2>My Dashboard</h2>
{children}
</div>
)
}
import DashboardLayout from '../components/DashboardLayout'
export default function Page() {
return <p>My Page</p>
}
Page.getLayout = function getLayout(page) {
return <DashboardLayout>{page}</DashboardLayout>
}
After
-
Remove the
Page.getLayout
property frompages/dashboard/index.js
and follow the steps for migrating pages to theapp
directory.app/dashboard/page.jsexport default function Page() { return <p>My Page</p> }
-
Move the contents of
DashboardLayout
into a new Client Component to retainpages
directory behavior.app/dashboard/DashboardLayout.js'use client' // this directive should be at top of the file, before any imports. // This is a Client Component export default function DashboardLayout({ children }) { return ( <div> <h2>My Dashboard</h2> {children} </div> ) }
-
Import the
DashboardLayout
into a newlayout.js
file inside theapp
directory.app/dashboard/layout.jsimport DashboardLayout from './DashboardLayout' // This is a Server Component export default function Layout({ children }) { return <DashboardLayout>{children}</DashboardLayout> }
-
You can incrementally move non-interactive parts of
DashboardLayout.js
(Client Component) intolayout.js
(Server Component) to reduce the amount of component JavaScript you send to the client.
Step 3: Migrating next/head
In the pages
directory, the next/head
React component is used to manage <head>
HTML elements such as title
and meta
. In the app
directory, next/head
is replaced with the new built-in SEO support.
Before:
import Head from 'next/head'
export default function Page() {
return (
<>
<Head>
<title>My page title</title>
</Head>
</>
)
}
After:
import type { Metadata } from 'next'
export const metadata: Metadata = {
title: 'My Page Title',
}
export default function Page() {
return '...'
}
Step 4: Migrating Pages
- Pages in the
app
directory are Server Components by default. This is different from thepages
directory where pages are Client Components. - Data fetching has changed in
app
.getServerSideProps
,getStaticProps
andgetInitialProps
have been replaced with a simpler API. - The
app
directory uses nested folders to define routes and a specialpage.js
file to make a route segment publicly accessible. -
pages
Directoryapp
DirectoryRoute index.js
page.js
/
about.js
about/page.js
/about
blog/[slug].js
blog/[slug]/page.js
/blog/post-1
We recommend breaking down the migration of a page into two main steps:
- Step 1: Move the default exported Page Component into a new Client Component.
- Step 2: Import the new Client Component into a new
page.js
file inside theapp
directory.
Good to know: This is the easiest migration path because it has the most comparable behavior to the
pages
directory.
Step 1: Create a new Client Component
- Create a new separate file inside the
app
directory (i.e.app/home-page.tsx
or similar) that exports a Client Component. To define Client Components, add the'use client'
directive to the top of the file (before any imports).- Similar to the Pages Router, there is an optimization step to prerender Client Components to static HTML on the initial page load.
- Move the default exported page component from
pages/index.js
toapp/home-page.tsx
.
'use client'
// This is a Client Component (same as components in the `pages` directory)
// It receives data as props, has access to state and effects, and is
// prerendered on the server during the initial page load.
export default function HomePage({ recentPosts }) {
return (
<div>
{recentPosts.map((post) => (
<div key={post.id}>{post.title}</div>
))}
</div>
)
}
Step 2: Create a new page
-
Create a new
app/page.tsx
file inside theapp
directory. This is a Server Component by default. -
Import the
home-page.tsx
Client Component into the page. -
If you were fetching data in
pages/index.js
, move the data fetching logic directly into the Server Component using the new data fetching APIs. See the data fetching upgrade guide for more details.app/page.tsx// Import your Client Component import HomePage from './home-page' async function getPosts() { const res = await fetch('https://...') const posts = await res.json() return posts } export default async function Page() { // Fetch data directly in a Server Component const recentPosts = await getPosts() // Forward fetched data to your Client Component return <HomePage recentPosts={recentPosts} /> }
-
If your previous page used
useRouter
, you'll need to update to the new routing hooks. Learn more. -
Start your development server and visit
http://localhost:3000
. You should see your existing index route, now served through the app directory.
Step 5: Migrating Routing Hooks
A new router has been added to support the new behavior in the app
directory.
In app
, you should use the three new hooks imported from next/navigation
: useRouter()
, usePathname()
, and useSearchParams()
.
- The new
useRouter
hook is imported fromnext/navigation
and has different behavior to theuseRouter
hook inpages
which is imported fromnext/router
.- The
useRouter
hook imported fromnext/router
is not supported in theapp
directory but can continue to be used in thepages
directory.
- The
- The new
useRouter
does not return thepathname
string. Use the separateusePathname
hook instead. - The new
useRouter
does not return thequery
object. Search parameters and dynamic route parameters are now separate. Use theuseSearchParams
anduseParams
hooks instead. - You can use
useSearchParams
andusePathname
together to listen to page changes. See the Router Events section for more details. - These new hooks are only supported in Client Components. They cannot be used in Server Components.
'use client'
import { useRouter, usePathname, useSearchParams } from 'next/navigation'
export default function ExampleClientComponent() {
const router = useRouter()
const pathname = usePathname()
const searchParams = useSearchParams()
// ...
}
In addition, the new useRouter
hook has the following changes:
isFallback
has been removed becausefallback
has been replaced.- The
locale
,locales
,defaultLocales
,domainLocales
values have been removed because built-in i18n Next.js features are no longer necessary in theapp
directory. Learn more about i18n. basePath
has been removed. The alternative will not be part ofuseRouter
. It has not yet been implemented.asPath
has been removed because the concept ofas
has been removed from the new router.isReady
has been removed because it is no longer necessary. During static rendering, any component that uses theuseSearchParams()
hook will skip the prerendering step and instead be rendered on the client at runtime.route
has been removed.usePathname
oruseSelectedLayoutSegments()
provide an alternative.
View the useRouter()
API reference.
Sharing components between pages
and app
To keep components compatible between the pages
and app
routers, refer to the useRouter
hook from next/compat/router
.
This is the useRouter
hook from the pages
directory, but intended to be used while sharing components between routers. Once you are ready to use it only on the app
router, update to the new useRouter
from next/navigation
.
Step 6: Migrating Data Fetching Methods
The pages
directory uses getServerSideProps
and getStaticProps
to fetch data for pages. Inside the app
directory, these previous data fetching functions are replaced with a simpler API built on top of fetch()
and async
React Server Components.
export default async function Page() {
// This request should be cached until manually invalidated.
// Similar to `getStaticProps`.
// `force-cache` is the default and can be omitted.
const staticData = await fetch(`https://...`, { cache: 'force-cache' })
// This request should be refetched on every request.
// Similar to `getServerSideProps`.
const dynamicData = await fetch(`https://...`, { cache: 'no-store' })
// This request should be cached with a lifetime of 10 seconds.
// Similar to `getStaticProps` with the `revalidate` option.
const revalidatedData = await fetch(`https://...`, {
next: { revalidate: 10 },
})
return <div>...</div>
}
Server-side Rendering (getServerSideProps
)
In the pages
directory, getServerSideProps
is used to fetch data on the server and forward props to the default exported React component in the file. The initial HTML for the page is prerendered from the server, followed by "hydrating" the page in the browser (making it interactive).
// `pages` directory
export async function getServerSideProps() {
const res = await fetch(`https://...`)
const projects = await res.json()
return { props: { projects } }
}
export default function Dashboard({ projects }) {
return (
<ul>
{projects.map((project) => (
<li key={project.id}>{project.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
)
}
In the App Router, we can colocate our data fetching inside our React components using Server Components. This allows us to send less JavaScript to the client, while maintaining the rendered HTML from the server.
By setting the cache
option to no-store
, we can indicate that the fetched data should never be cached. This is similar to getServerSideProps
in the pages
directory.
// `app` directory
// This function can be named anything
async function getProjects() {
const res = await fetch(`https://...`, { cache: 'no-store' })
const projects = await res.json()
return projects
}
export default async function Dashboard() {
const projects = await getProjects()
return (
<ul>
{projects.map((project) => (
<li key={project.id}>{project.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
)
}
Accessing Request Object
In the pages
directory, you can retrieve request-based data based on the Node.js HTTP API.
For example, you can retrieve the req
object from getServerSideProps
and use it to retrieve the request's cookies and headers.
// `pages` directory
export async function getServerSideProps({ req, query }) {
const authHeader = req.getHeaders()['authorization'];
const theme = req.cookies['theme'];
return { props: { ... }}
}
export default function Page(props) {
return ...
}
The app
directory exposes new read-only functions to retrieve request data:
headers
: Based on the Web Headers API, and can be used inside Server Components to retrieve request headers.cookies
: Based on the Web Cookies API, and can be used inside Server Components to retrieve cookies.
// `app` directory
import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers'
async function getData() {
const authHeader = (await headers()).get('authorization')
return '...'
}
export default async function Page() {
// You can use `cookies` or `headers` inside Server Components
// directly or in your data fetching function
const theme = (await cookies()).get('theme')
const data = await getData()
return '...'
}
Static Site Generation (getStaticProps
)
In the pages
directory, the getStaticProps
function is used to pre-render a page at build time. This function can be used to fetch data from an external API or directly from a database, and pass this data down to the entire page as it's being generated during the build.
// `pages` directory
export async function getStaticProps() {
const res = await fetch(`https://...`)
const projects = await res.json()
return { props: { projects } }
}
export default function Index({ projects }) {
return projects.map((project) => <div>{project.name}</div>)
}
In the app
directory, data fetching with fetch()
will default to cache: 'force-cache'
, which will cache the request data until manually invalidated. This is similar to getStaticProps
in the pages
directory.
// `app` directory
// This function can be named anything
async function getProjects() {
const res = await fetch(`https://...`)
const projects = await res.json()
return projects
}
export default async function Index() {
const projects = await getProjects()
return projects.map((project) => <div>{project.name}</div>)
}
Dynamic paths (getStaticPaths
)
In the pages
directory, the getStaticPaths
function is used to define the dynamic paths that should be pre-rendered at build time.
// `pages` directory
import PostLayout from '@/components/post-layout'
export async function getStaticPaths() {
return {
paths: [{ params: { id: '1' } }, { params: { id: '2' } }],
}
}
export async function getStaticProps({ params }) {
const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts/${params.id}`)
const post = await res.json()
return { props: { post } }
}
export default function Post({ post }) {
return <PostLayout post={post} />
}
In the app
directory, getStaticPaths
is replaced with generateStaticParams
.
generateStaticParams
behaves similarly to getStaticPaths
, but has a simplified API for returning route parameters and can be used inside layouts. The return shape of generateStaticParams
is an array of segments instead of an array of nested param
objects or a string of resolved paths.
// `app` directory
import PostLayout from '@/components/post-layout'
export async function generateStaticParams() {
return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }]
}
async function getPost(params) {
const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts/${params.id}`)
const post = await res.json()
return post
}
export default async function Post({ params }) {
const post = await getPost(params)
return <PostLayout post={post} />
}
Using the name generateStaticParams
is more appropriate than getStaticPaths
for the new model in the app
directory. The get
prefix is replaced with a more descriptive generate
, which sits better alone now that getStaticProps
and getServerSideProps
are no longer necessary. The Paths
suffix is replaced by Params
, which is more appropriate for nested routing with multiple dynamic segments.
Replacing fallback
In the pages
directory, the fallback
property returned from getStaticPaths
is used to define the behavior of a page that isn't pre-rendered at build time. This property can be set to true
to show a fallback page while the page is being generated, false
to show a 404 page, or blocking
to generate the page at request time.
// `pages` directory
export async function getStaticPaths() {
return {
paths: [],
fallback: 'blocking'
};
}
export async function getStaticProps({ params }) {
...
}
export default function Post({ post }) {
return ...
}
In the app
directory the config.dynamicParams
property controls how params outside of generateStaticParams
are handled:
true
: (default) Dynamic segments not included ingenerateStaticParams
are generated on demand.false
: Dynamic segments not included ingenerateStaticParams
will return a 404.
This replaces the fallback: true | false | 'blocking'
option of getStaticPaths
in the pages
directory. The fallback: 'blocking'
option is not included in dynamicParams
because the difference between 'blocking'
and true
is negligible with streaming.
// `app` directory
export const dynamicParams = true;
export async function generateStaticParams() {
return [...]
}
async function getPost(params) {
...
}
export default async function Post({ params }) {
const post = await getPost(params);
return ...
}
With dynamicParams
set to true
(the default), when a route segment is requested that hasn't been generated, it will be server-rendered and cached.
Incremental Static Regeneration (getStaticProps
with revalidate
)
In the pages
directory, the getStaticProps
function allows you to add a revalidate
field to automatically regenerate a page after a certain amount of time.
// `pages` directory
export async function getStaticProps() {
const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts`)
const posts = await res.json()
return {
props: { posts },
revalidate: 60,
}
}
export default function Index({ posts }) {
return (
<Layout>
<PostList posts={posts} />
</Layout>
)
}
In the app
directory, data fetching with fetch()
can use revalidate
, which will cache the request for the specified amount of seconds.
// `app` directory
async function getPosts() {
const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts`, { next: { revalidate: 60 } })
const data = await res.json()
return data.posts
}
export default async function PostList() {
const posts = await getPosts()
return posts.map((post) => <div>{post.name}</div>)
}
API Routes
API Routes continue to work in the pages/api
directory without any changes. However, they have been replaced by Route Handlers in the app
directory.
Route Handlers allow you to create custom request handlers for a given route using the Web Request and Response APIs.
export async function GET(request: Request) {}
Good to know: If you previously used API routes to call an external API from the client, you can now use Server Components instead to securely fetch data. Learn more about data fetching.
Step 7: Styling
In the pages
directory, global stylesheets are restricted to only pages/_app.js
. With the app
directory, this restriction has been lifted. Global styles can be added to any layout, page, or component.
Tailwind CSS
If you're using Tailwind CSS, you'll need to add the app
directory to your tailwind.config.js
file:
module.exports = {
content: [
'./app/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}', // <-- Add this line
'./pages/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}',
'./components/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}',
],
}
You'll also need to import your global styles in your app/layout.js
file:
import '../styles/globals.css'
export default function RootLayout({ children }) {
return (
<html lang="en">
<body>{children}</body>
</html>
)
}
Learn more about styling with Tailwind CSS
Codemods
Next.js provides Codemod transformations to help upgrade your codebase when a feature is deprecated. See Codemods for more information.
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